Herbs & Supplements

References

Aktan F, Henness S, Roufogalis BD, Ammit AJ. Gypenosides derived from Gynostemma pentaphyllum suppress NO synthesis in murine macrophages by inhibiting iNOS enzymatic activity and attenuating NF-kappaB-mediated iNOS protein expression. Nitric Oxide. 2003;8(4):235-242.

Anon. Fibrosis. In: Beers, MH, Berkow R, Burs M (eds). The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 17th ed. Whitehouse Station, New Jersey: Merck & Co, Inc; 1999.

Blumert M, Liu JL (Eds). Jiaogulan (Gynostemma pentaphyllum) -- China's "Immortality" Herb. Badger, California: Torchlight Publishing; 1999.

Chan LY, Chiu PY, Lau TK. An in-vitro study of ginsenoside Rb(1)-induced teratogenicity using a whole rat embryo culture model. Human Reproduction. 2003;18(10):2166-2168.

Chang CK, Chang KS, Lin YC, Liu SY, Chen CY. Hairy root cultures of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino: a promising approach for the production of gypenosides as an alternative of ginseng saponins. Biotechnology Letter. 2005;27(16):1165-1169.

Chen MH, Chen SH, Wang QF, et al. The molecular mechanism of gypenosides-induced G(1) growth arrest of rat hepatic stellate cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Epublished ahead of print. February 14, 2008.

Chen JC, Chung JG, Chen LD. Gypenoside induces apoptosis in human Hep3B and HA22T tumour [sic] cells. Cytobios. 1999;100(393):37-48.

Chen JC, Lu KW, Lee JH, Yeh CC, Chung JG. Gypenosides induced apoptosis in human colon cancer cells through the mitochondria-dependent pathways and activation of caspase-3. Anticancer Research. 2006;26(6B):4313-4326.

Chen JC, Tsai CC, Chen LD, Chen HH, Wang WC. Therapeutic effect of gypenoside on chronic liver injury and fibrosis induced by CCl4 in rats. American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2000;28(2):175-185.

Chou SC, Chen KW, Hwang JS, et al. The add-on effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Alternative Therapy Health Medicine. 2006;12(3):34-39.

Circosta C, De Pasquale R, Occhiuto F. Cardiovascular effects of the aqueous extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino. Phytomedicine. 2005;12(9):638-643.

Circosta C, De Pasquale R, Palumbo DR, Occhiuto F. Bronchodilatory effects of the aqueous extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum and gypenosides III and VIII in anaesthetized [sic] guinea-pigs. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2005;57(8):1053-1058.

Cui J, Eneroth P, Bruhn JG. Gynostemma pentaphyllum: identification of major sapogenins and differentiation from Panax species. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1999;8(3):187-191.

Francis G, Kerem Z, Makkar HP, Becker K. The biological action of saponins in animal systems: a review. British Journal of Nutrition. 2002;88(6):587-605.

Han XY, Wei HB, Zhang FC. Analysis of the inhibitory effect of gypenoside on Na(+), K (+)-ATPase in rats' heart and brain and its kinetics. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2007;13(2):128-131.

Hesse C, Razmovski-Naumovski V, Duke CC, Davies NM, Roufogalis BD. Phytopreventative effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum against acute Indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal and renal toxicity in rats. Phytotherapy Research. 2007;21(6):523-530.

Hoa NK, Norberg A, Sillard R, et al. The possible mechanisms by which phanoside stimulates insulin secretion from rat islets. Journal of Endocrinology. 2007;192(2):389-394.

Huang TH, Bebawy M, Tran VH, Roufogalis BD. Specific reversal of multidrug resistance to colchicine in CEM/VLB(100) cells by Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract. Phytomedicine. 2007;14(12):830-839.

Huang TH, Li Y, Razmovski-Naumovski V, et al. Gypenoside XLIX isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB activation via a PPAR-alpha-dependent pathway. Journal of Biomedical Sciences. Epublished ahead of print. March 10, 2006.

Huang TH, Razmovski-Naumovski V, Salam NK, et al. A novel LXR-alpha activator identified from the natural product Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2005;70(9):1298-1308.

Huang TH, Tran VH, Roufogalis BD, Li Y. Gypenoside XLIX, a naturally occurring gynosaponin, PPAR-alpha dependently inhibits LPS-induced tissue factor expression and activity in human THP-1 monocytic cells. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2007;218(1):30-36.

Huang WC, Kuo ML, Li ML, Yang RC, Liou CJ, Shen JJ. Extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum enhanced the production of antibodies and cytokines in mice. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2007;127(5):889-896.

Ia Cour B, Molgaard P, Yi Z. Traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of hyperlipidaemia [sic]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1995;46(2):125-129.

Jellin JM, Gregory P, Batz F, Hitchens K, et al, eds. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 3rd Edition. Stockton CA: Therapeutic Research Facility, 2000.

Li L, Jiao L, Lau BH. Protective effect of gypenosides against oxidative stress in phagocytes, vascular endothelial cells and liver microsomes. Cancer Biotherapy. 1993;8(3):263-272.

Lin CC, Huang PC, Lin JM. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Anoectochilus formosanus and Gynostemma pentaphyllum. American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2000;28(1):87-96.

Lin JM, Lin CC, Chiu HF, Yang JJ, Lee SG. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and liver-protective effects of anoectochilus formosanus, ganoderma lucidum and gynostemma pentaphyllum in rats. American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1993;21(1):59-69.

Megalli S, Aktan F, Davies NM, Roufogalis BD. Phytopreventative anti-hyperlipidemic effects of gynostemma pentaphyllum in rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2005;8(3):507-515.

Megalli S, Davies NM, Roufogalis BD. Anti-hyperlipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum in the Zucker fatty rat. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2006;9(3):281-291.

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, Online Edition. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter. Stockton CA: Therapeutic Research Facility, 2006. Available at: http://www.pharmacistsletter.com/(S(ulqz3s45omt3ag5 5um4kj345))/home.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=ND.

Pu rmova J, Opletal L. Phytotherapeutic aspects of diseases of the cardiovascular system. 5. Saponins and possibilities of their use in prevention and therapy. [Article in Czech] Ceska Slov Farm. 1995;44(5):246-251.

Qi G, Zhang L, Li C. Influence of gypenoside on serum lipoprotein and atherosclerosis in hyperlipidaemia [sic] animals. [Article in Chinese] Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1996;21(9):562-564 and inside back cover.

Qi G, Zhang L, Xie WL, Chen XY, Li JS. Protective effect of gypenosides on DNA and RNA of rat neurons in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Acta Pharmacologica Sineca. 2000;21(12):1193-1196.

Shang L, Liu J, Zhu Q, et al. Gypenosides protect primary cultures of rat cortical cells against oxidative neurotoxicity. Brain Research. 2006;1102(1):163-174.

Tan H, Liu ZL, Liu MJ. Antithrombotic effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum. [Article in Chinese] Zhingguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 1993;13(5):278-280.

Tanner MA, Bu X, Steimle JA, Myers PR. The direct release of nitric oxide by gypenosides derived from the herb Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Nitric Oxide. 1999;3(5):359-365.

Wang C, Wang X, Li Y, Deng S, Jiang Y, Yue L. A preliminary observation of preventive and blocking effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb) Makino on esophageal cancer in rats. [Article in Chinese] Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 1995;26(4):430-432.

Wang QF, Chen JC, Hsieh SJ, Cheng CC, Hsu SL. Regulation of Bcl-2 family molecules and activation of caspase cascade involved in gypenosides-induced apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. Cancer Letters. 2002;183(2):169-178.

Wang QF, Chiang CW, Wu CC, et al. Gypenosides induce apoptosis in human hepatoma Huh-7 cells through a calcium/reactive oxygen species-dependent mitochondrial pathway. Planta Medica. 2007;73(6):535-544.

Wu QH, Xing YH, Rong XL, Huang P. Influence of FPS on the expression of LDL-R mRNA in the liver tissues of hyperlipidemic rats. [Article in Chinese] Zhong Yao Cai. 2007;30(8):968-970.

Zhang C, Yang X, Xu L. Immunomodulatory action of the total saponin of Gynostemma pentaphylla. [Article in Chinese] Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1990;10(2):96-70.

Zhou Z, Tang G, Zhong W. [Experimental study on the influence of Gynostemma pentaphyllam [sic] Mak upon point mutation of Ha-ras oncogene in blocking leukoplakia from canceration. [Article in Chinese] Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2000;35(2):91-94.

Zhou Z, Wang Y, Zhou Y. The effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum mak (GP) on carcinogenesis of the golden hamster cheek pouch induced by DMBA. [Article in Chinese] Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1996;31(5):267-270.

Zhou Z, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Zhang S. Effect of gynostemma pentaphyllum mak on carcinomatous conversions of golden hamster cheek pouches induced by dimethylbenzanthracene: a histological study. Chinese Medical Journal (English Edition). 1998;111(9):847-850.

Last Revised April 15, 2008